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Multirotor

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A multirotor<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or multicopter is a <a href="Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> with more than two <a href="Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>-generating <a href="Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotors</a>. An advantage of multirotor aircraft is the simpler rotor mechanics required for flight control. Unlike single- and double-rotor <a href="Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> which use complex <a href="Variable_pitch_rotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable pitch rotor">variable pitch rotors</a> whose pitch varies as the blade rotates for flight stability and control, multirotors often use fixed-<a href="Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">pitch</a> blades; control of vehicle motion is achieved by varying the relative speed of each rotor to change the thrust and torque produced by each.

Due to their ease of both construction and control, multirotor aircraft are frequently used in <a href="Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">radio control aircraft</a> and <a href="Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</a> (drone) projects<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> in which the names tricopter, <a href="Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopter</a>, hexacopter and octocopter are frequently used to refer to 3-, 4-, 6- and 8-rotor rotorcraft, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> There is also the X8 (also called octo-quad) configuration that is similar to the quadracopter design, except that it has eight rotors; the lower of which have a reversed rotation direction.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In order to allow more power and stability at reduced weight, <a href="Coaxial_rotors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaxial rotors">coaxial rotors</a> can be employed, in which each arm has two motors, running in opposite directions which cancels out rotational torque (one facing up and one facing down).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Also possible is the addition of horizontal propellers<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> These types of rotorcraft (which have just 4 vertical propellers) are called quadplanes.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>It can also be possible by adding additional nonhorizontal wings, which are called lifting-wing multicopters.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rotor_configurations">Rotor configurations</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_rotors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaxial rotors">Coaxial rotors</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclorotor" title="Cyclorotor">Cyclorotor</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermeshing_rotors" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermeshing rotors">Intermeshing rotors</a></li>

<li><a href="Tail_rotor" title="Tail rotor">Tail rotor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandem_rotors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem rotors">Tandem rotors</a></li>

<li><a href="Transverse_rotors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse rotors">Transverse rotors</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="De_Bothezat_helicopter" title="De Bothezat helicopter">de Bothezat helicopter</a> - an American four-rotor helicopter that first flew on December 18, 1922.</li>

<li><a href="Cierva_Air_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cierva Air Horse">Cierva Air Horse</a> - a British three-rotor "heavy lift" helicopter first flying in 1948. Three rotors were used to give a large lift without compromising rotor strength.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li>

<li><a href="Volocopter" title="Volocopter">Volocopter</a> designs - a series of German prototype electric multicopters with 18 rotors, the first electric multicopter in the world to achieve crewed flight.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The large number of low-cost motors make it economical, quiet and provide redundancy with ability to maintain control with up to four failed motors.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Drones#Q3772377" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Drones">Drones</a>.</div></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Early in helicopter development,"multi-rotor" was used to refer to helicopters with two rotor assemblies

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103092559/http://aeroquad.com/">"AeroQuad - The Open Source Quadcopter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santuy69.com/">the original</a> on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106071900/http://multicopter.org/wiki/Multicopter_Table">"Multicopter Table"</a>. multicopter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multicopter.org/wiki/Multicopter_Table">the original</a> on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uavp.ch/moin/FrontPage">"FrontPage - UAVP-NG - The Open Source Next Generation Multicopter"</a>. uavp.ch. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ng.uavp.ch/">"FrontPage - UAVP-NG - The Open Source Next Generation Multicopter"</a>. uavp.ch. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diydrones.com/">"DIY Drones"</a>. diydrones.com. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openpilot.org/">OpenPilot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527225811/http://www.openpilot.org/">Archived</a> 2011-05-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Open source UAV autopilot for multirotors

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403153424/http://myfirstdrone.com/tutorials/best-multirotor-frame/">"How to Pick The Best Multirotor Frame"</a>. My First Drone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfx450central.com/members/frasacuan.1599218/#about">the original</a> on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ardupilot.org/copter/_images/motororder-octoquad-x-2d.png">"Octo Quad"</a>. ardupilot.org. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann13067/">"ALMA Filmed with Hexacopter"</a>. ESO Announcement. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptercraft.com/multirotor-frame-configurations/">"Multirotor Frame Configurations"</a>. Coptercraft. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/company/vertical-technologies/">Vertical technologies DeltaQuad</a>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145016/http://px4.io/portfolio/quadranger-vtol/">"QuadRanger VTOL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://px4.io/portfolio/quadranger-vtol/">the original</a> on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2018-04-29.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/skyprowler-fixed-wing-quadcopter/36154/">SkyProwler</a>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ardupilot.org/plane/docs/quadplane-overview.html">Quadplane term</a>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFXiaoMengDaiZhang2021" class="citation book cs1">Xiao, Kun; Meng, Yao; Dai, Xunhua; Zhang, Haotian; Quan, Quan (2021-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icuas51884.2021.9476859">"A Lifting Wing Fixed on Multirotor UAVs for Long Flight Ranges"</a>. 2021 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). IEEE. pp. 1605–1610. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15579">2006.15579</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficuas51884.2021.9476859">10.1109/icuas51884.2021.9476859</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-6654-1535-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhangTanSongQuan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Haotian; Tan, Shaochang; Song, Ziming; Quan, Quan (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2021.3090667">"Performance Evaluation and Design Method of Lifting-Wing Multicopters"</a>. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. 27 (3): 1606–1616. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftmech.2021.3090667">10.1109/tmech.2021.3090667</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-4435">1083-4435</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQuanWangGao2025" class="citation journal cs1">Quan, Quan; Wang, Shuai; Gao, Wenhan (March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514/1.g008134">"Lifting-Wing Quadcopter Modeling and Unified Control"</a>. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics. 48 (3): 689–699. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00730">2301.00730</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025JGCD...48..689Q">2025JGCD...48..689Q</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F1.g008134">10.2514/1.g008134</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0731-5090">0731-5090</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Flight 14 April 1949 p427

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suasnews.com/2011/11/9691/german-multicopter-makes-first-manned-flight/">"German multicopter makes first manned flight"</a>. sUAS news. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 3 Nov 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/27/tech/innovation/volocopter-18-propeller-electric/index.html?iref=allsearch">"Volocopter: 18-propeller electric helicopter takes flight"</a>. CNN news. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 2 Dec 2013.</cite>

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